my $die_message := 'unset';

sub dies_ok(&callable, $description) {
    &callable();
    ok(0, $description);
    return '';

    CATCH {
        ok(1, $description);
        $die_message := $_;
    }
}

sub is($actual, $expected, $description) {
    my $they_are_equal := $actual eq $expected;
    ok($they_are_equal, $description);
    unless $they_are_equal {
        say("#   Actual value: $actual");
        say("# Expected value: $expected");
    }
}

plan(294);

is(nqp::sprintf('Walter Bishop', []), 'Walter Bishop', 'no directives' );

is(nqp::sprintf('Peter %s', ['Bishop']), 'Peter Bishop', 'one %s directive' );
is(nqp::sprintf('%s %s', ['William', 'Bell']), 'William Bell', 'two %s directives' );

dies-ok({ nqp::sprintf('%s %s', ['Dr.', 'William', 'Bell']) }, 'arguments > directives',
 :message('Your printf-style directives specify 2 arguments, but 3 arguments were supplied'));

dies-ok({ nqp::sprintf('%s %s', ['Dr.', 'William', 'Bell']) }, 'arguments > directives',
  :message('Your printf-style directives specify 2 arguments, but 3 arguments were supplied'));

dies-ok({ nqp::sprintf('%s %s %s', ['Olivia', 'Dunham']) }, 'directives > arguments',
  :message('Your printf-style directives specify 3 arguments, but 2 arguments were supplied'));

dies-ok({ nqp::sprintf('%s %s', []) }, 'directives > 0 arguments',
  :message('Your printf-style directives specify 2 arguments, but no argument was supplied'));

is(nqp::sprintf('%% %% %%', []), '% % %', '%% escape' );

dies-ok({ nqp::sprintf('%a', 'Science') }, 'unknown directive', :message("'a' is not valid in sprintf format sequence '%a'"));

my class SprintfHandler {
    method mine($x) { try nqp::reprname($x) eq "P6bigint" }
    method int($x) { $x }
}

my $knowhow := nqp::knowhow().new_type(:name('TestBigInt'), :repr("P6bigint"));
nqp::sprintfaddargumenthandler(SprintfHandler.new);
my $large-positive-int := nqp::pow_I(nqp::box_i(33, $knowhow), nqp::box_i(21, $knowhow), $knowhow, $knowhow);
my $large-negative-int := nqp::pow_I(nqp::box_i(24, $knowhow), nqp::box_i(17, $knowhow), $knowhow, $knowhow);
$large-negative-int := nqp::neg_I($large-negative-int, $knowhow);


is(nqp::sprintf('<%6s>', [12]), '<    12>', 'right-justified %s with space padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%6%>', []), '<     %>', 'right-justified %% with space padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%06s>', ['hi']), '<0000hi>', 'right-justified %s with 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%06%>', []), '<00000%>', 'right-justified %% with 0-padding');

is(nqp::sprintf('<%*s>', [6, 12]), '<    12>', 'right-justified %s with space padding, star-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%0*s>', [6, 'a']), '<00000a>', 'right-justified %s with 0-padding, star-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%*%>', [6]), '<     %>', 'right-justified %% with space padding, star-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%0*%>', [5]), '<0000%>', 'right-justified %% with 0-padding, star-specified');

is(nqp::sprintf('<%-*s>', [6, 'hi']), '<hi    >', 'left-justified %s with space padding, mix-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%*s>', [-6, 'hi']), '<hi    >', 'left-justified %s with space padding, star-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%-*s>', [-6, 'hi']), '<hi    >', 'left-justified %s with space padding, double-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%-0*d>', [6, 12]), '<12    >', 'left-justified %d with zero padding, mix-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%0*d>', [-6, 12]), '<12    >', 'left-justified %d with zero padding, star-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%-0*s>', [6, 'hi']), '<hi    >', 'left-justified %s with zero padding, mix-specified');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%0*s>', [-6, 'hi']), '<hi    >', 'left-justified %s with zero padding, star-specified');

is(nqp::sprintf('<%2s>', ['long']), '<long>', '%s string longer than specified size');

is(nqp::sprintf('<%d>', [1]), '<1>', '%d without size or precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%d>', [42.18]), '<42>', '%d on a float');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%d>', [-18.42]), '<-18>', '%d on a negative float');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%03d>', [1]), '<001>', '%d on decimal with 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%03d>', [-11]), '<-11>', '%d on negative decimal with 0-padding (but nothing to pad)');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%04d>', [-1]), '<-001>', '%d on negative decimal with 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%+4d>', [42]), '< +42>', '%d on a positive decimal, space-padding with plus sign');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%+04d>', [42]), '<+042>', '%d on a positive decimal, zero-padding with plus sign');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%d>', [$large-positive-int]), '<77409228207421416473589288028833>', '%d on bigint');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%d>', [$large-negative-int]), '<-290797794982682557415424>', '%d on negative bigint');

is(nqp::sprintf('%c', [97]), 'a', '%c directive');
is(nqp::sprintf('%10c', [65]), '         A', '%c directive with space padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('%c%c%c', [187, 246, 171]), '»ö«', '%c directive with non-asci codepoints');
is(nqp::sprintf('%06c', [97]), '00000a', '%c directive with 0-padding');

is(nqp::sprintf('%o', [12]), '14', 'simple %o');
is(nqp::sprintf('%o', [22.01]), '26', 'decimal %o');
is(nqp::sprintf('%06o', [127]), '000177', '%o with 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#6o', [127]), '  0177', '%o with space-padding and leading 0');
is(nqp::sprintf('%.5o',  [83]),  '00123',  '%o with precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#.5o', [83]),  '00123',  '%o with precision, leading 0 not required');
is(nqp::sprintf('%.5o',  [5349]), '12345',  '%o with insufficient precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#.5o',  [5349]), '012345', '%o with precision, required leading 0 added');

is(nqp::sprintf('%x', [0]), '0', 'simple %x');
is(nqp::sprintf('%x', [12]), 'c', 'simple %x');
is(nqp::sprintf('%x', [22.01]), '16', 'decimal %x');
is(nqp::sprintf('%X', [12]), 'C', 'simple %X');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#X', [12]), '0XC', "%X, '0X' prepended");
is(nqp::sprintf('%#x', [12]), '0xc', "%x ,'0x prepended'");
is(nqp::sprintf('%#5x', [12]), '  0xc', '%x, hash and width');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#5.2x', [12]), ' 0x0c', '%x, hash, width and precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2x', [12]), '   0c', '%x, no hash, but width and precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%05x', [12]), '0000c', '%x with zero-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('%0*x', [4, 12]), '000c', '%x with zero-padding, star-specified');

is(nqp::sprintf('%u', [12]), '12', 'simple %u');
is(nqp::sprintf('%u', [22.01]), '22', 'decimal %u');
is(nqp::sprintf("%u", [2**32]), "4294967296", "max uint32 to %u");

is(nqp::sprintf('%B', [2**32-1]), '11111111111111111111111111111111', 'simple %B');
is(nqp::sprintf('%+B', [2**32-1]), '+11111111111111111111111111111111', 'simple %B with plus sign');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#B', [2**32-1]), '0B11111111111111111111111111111111', '%B with 0B prefixed');
is(nqp::sprintf('%b', [2**32-1]), '11111111111111111111111111111111', 'simple %b');
is(nqp::sprintf('%+b', [2**32-1]), '+11111111111111111111111111111111', 'simple %b with plus sign');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#b', [2**32-1]), '0b11111111111111111111111111111111', '%b with 0b prefixed');
is(nqp::sprintf('%34b', [2**32-1]), '  11111111111111111111111111111111', '%b right justified using space chars');
is(nqp::sprintf('%034b', [2**32-1]), '0011111111111111111111111111111111', '%b right justified, 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('%-34b', [2**32-1]), '11111111111111111111111111111111  ', '%b left justified using space chars');
is(nqp::sprintf('%-034b', [2**32-1]), '11111111111111111111111111111111  ', '%b left justified, 0-padding');
is(nqp::sprintf('%6b', [12]), '  1100', 'simple %b, padded');
is(nqp::sprintf('%6.5b', [12]), ' 01100', '%b, right justified and precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%-6.5b', [12]), '01100 ', '%b, left justified and precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%+7.5b', [12]), ' +01100', '%b, right justified and precision, plus sign');
is(nqp::sprintf('% 6.5b', [12]), ' 01100', '%b, right justified and precision, space char');
is(nqp::sprintf('%06.5b', [12]), ' 01100', '%b, 0 flag with precision: no effect');
is(nqp::sprintf('%.5b', [12]), '01100', '%b with precision but no width');
is(nqp::sprintf('%.0b', [0]), '', '%b, precision zero, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%+.0b', [0]), '', '%b, precision zero, plus sign, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('% .0b', [0]), '', '%b, precision zero, space char, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%-.0b', [0]), '', '%b, precision zero, minus, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#.0b', [0]), '', '%b, precision zero, hash, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.0b', [0]), '   ', '%b, width but zero precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.1b', [0]), '  0', '%b, width and precision but zero value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.2b', [0]), ' 00', '%b, width and precision but zero value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.3b', [0]), '000', '%b, width and precision but zero value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.4b', [0]), '0000', '%b, width and precision but zero value, overlong');
is(nqp::sprintf('%.0b', [1]), '1', '%b, precision zero and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%+.0b', [1]), '+1', '%b, precision zero, plus sign and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('% .0b', [1]), ' 1', '%b, precision zero, space char and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%-.0b', [1]), '1', '%b, precision zero, hash and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#.0b', [1]), '0b1', '%b, width, zero precision, no value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.0b', [1]), '0b1', '%b, width, zero precision but value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.1b', [1]), '0b1', '%b, width and precision and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.2b', [1]), '0b01', '%b, width and precision and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.3b', [1]), '0b001', '%b, width and precision and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#3.4b', [1]), '0b0001', '%b, width and precision and value');
is(nqp::sprintf('%#b', [0]), '0', 'simple %b with zero value');

is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2e', [0.0]),    '0.00e+00',    '5.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2e', [3.1415]),    '3.14e+00',    '5.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2E', [3.1415]),    '3.14E+00',    '5.2 %E');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2e', [3.1415]),   '            3.14e+00',    '20.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2E', [3.1415]),   '            3.14E+00',    '20.2 %E');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2e', [-3.1415]),  '           -3.14e+00',    'negative 20.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2E', [-3.1415]),  '           -3.14E+00',    'negative 20.2 %E');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2e', [3.1415]),  '0000000000003.14e+00',    '020.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2E', [3.1415]),  '0000000000003.14E+00',    '020.2 %E');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2e', [-3.1415]), '-000000000003.14e+00',    'negative 020.2 %e');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2E', [-3.1415]), '-000000000003.14E+00',    'negative 020.2 %E');
is(nqp::sprintf('%e', [2.718281828459]), nqp::sprintf('%.6e', [2.718281828459]), '%e defaults to .6');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3e>', [3.1415e20]), '<3.142e+20>', '%e handles big numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3e>', [-3.1415e20]), '<-3.142e+20>', '%e handles big negative numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3e>', [3.1415e-20]), '<3.142e-20>', '%e handles small numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3e>', [-3.1415e-20]), '<-3.142e-20>', '%e handles small negative numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3e>', [3e20]), '<3.000e+20>', '%e fills up to precision');

is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2f', [3.1415]),    ' 3.14',    '5.2 %f');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2F', [3.1415]),    ' 3.14',    '5.2 %F');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2f', [3.1415]),   '                3.14',    '20.2 %f');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2F', [3.1415]),   '                3.14',    '20.2 %F');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2f', [-3.1415]),  '               -3.14',    'negative 20.2 %f');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2F', [-3.1415]),  '               -3.14',    'negative 20.2 %F');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2f', [3.1415]),  '00000000000000003.14',    '020.2 %f');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2F', [3.1415]),  '00000000000000003.14',    '020.2 %F');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2f', [-3.1415]), '-0000000000000003.14',    'negative 020.2 %f');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2F', [-3.1415]), '-0000000000000003.14',    'negative 020.2 %F');
is(nqp::sprintf('%f', [2.718281828459]), nqp::sprintf('%.6f', [2.718281828459]), '%f defaults to .6');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [0]), '<  0.000>', '%f fills up to precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [0.1]), '<  0.100>', '%f fills up to precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [3.1]), '<  3.100>', '%f fills up to precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [3.1415e20]), '<314150000000000000000.000>', '%f handles big numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [-3.1415e20]), '<-314150000000000000000.000>', '%f handles big negative numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [3.1415e-2]), '<  0.031>', '%f handles small numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3f>', [-3.1415e-2]), '< -0.031>', '%f handles small negative numbers');
is(nqp::sprintf("%.0f", [1.969]), "2",     '%.0f of 1.969 should be 2');
is(nqp::sprintf("%.1f", [1.969]), "2.0",   '%.1f of 1.969 should be 2.0');
is(nqp::sprintf("%.2f", [1.969]), "1.97",  '%.2f of 1.969 should be 1.97');
is(nqp::sprintf("%.3f", [1.969]), "1.969", '%.3f of 1.969 should be 1.969');
is(nqp::sprintf("% .3f", [3.141592]), " 3.142", '% .3f of 3.141592 should be " 3.142"');
is(nqp::sprintf("% .3f", [-3.141592]), "-3.142", '% .3f of -3.141592 should be "-3.142"');
is(nqp::sprintf("%+.3f", [3.141592]), "+3.142", '%+.3f of 3.141592 should be "+3.142"');
is(nqp::sprintf("%+.3f", [-3.141592]), "-3.142", '%+.3f of -3.141592 should be "-3.142"');

is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2g', [3.1415]),    '  3.1',    '5.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2G', [3.1415]),    '  3.1',    '5.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [3.1415]),   '                 3.1',    '20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [3.1415]),   '                 3.1',    '20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [-3.1415]),  '                -3.1',    'negative 20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [-3.1415]),  '                -3.1',    'negative 20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2g', [3.1415]),  '000000000000000003.1',    '020.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2G', [3.1415]),  '000000000000000003.1',    '020.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2g', [-3.1415]), '-00000000000000003.1',    'negative 020.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2G', [-3.1415]), '-00000000000000003.1',    'negative 020.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%g', [2.718281828459]), nqp::sprintf('%.6g', [2.718281828459]), '%g defaults to precision .6');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3g>', [0]),   '<      0>', '%g does not fill up to precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3g>', [0.1]), '<    0.1>', '%g does not fill up to precision');

is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2g', [3.1415e20]),    '3.1e+20',    '5.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%5.2G', [3.1415e20]),    '3.1E+20',    '5.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [3.1415e20]),   '             3.1e+20',    '20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [3.1415e20]),   '             3.1E+20',    '20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [-3.1415e20]),  '            -3.1e+20',    'negative 20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [-3.1415e20]),  '            -3.1E+20',    'negative 20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [3.1415e-20]),  '             3.1e-20',    '20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [3.1415e-20]),  '             3.1E-20',    '20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2g', [-3.1415e-20]), '            -3.1e-20',    'negative 20.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%20.2G', [-3.1415e-20]), '            -3.1E-20',    'negative 20.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2g', [3.1415e20]),  '00000000000003.1e+20',    '020.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2G', [3.1415e20]),  '00000000000003.1E+20',    '020.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2g', [-3.1415e20]), '-0000000000003.1e+20',    'negative 020.2 %g');
is(nqp::sprintf('%020.2G', [-3.1415e20]), '-0000000000003.1E+20',    'negative 020.2 %G');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3g>', [3e20]), '<  3e+20>', '%g does not fill up to precision');
is(nqp::sprintf('<%7.3g>', [3.1e20]), '<3.1e+20>', '%g does not fill up to precision');

is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-12]), '        2.718e-12', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-12]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-12]), '         2.72e-12', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-11]), '        2.718e-11', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-11]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-11]), '         2.72e-11', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-10]), '        2.718e-10', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-10]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-10]), '         2.72e-10', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-09]), '        2.718e-09', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-09]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-09]), '         2.72e-09', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-08]), '        2.718e-08', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-08]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-08]), '         2.72e-08', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-07]), '        2.718e-07', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-07]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-07]), '         2.72e-07', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-06]), '        2.718e-06', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-06]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-06]), '         2.72e-06', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-05]), '        2.718e-05', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-05]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-05]), '         2.72e-05', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-04]), '        2.718e-04', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-04]), '            0.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-04]), '         0.000272', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-03]), '        2.718e-03', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-03]), '            0.003', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-03]), '          0.00272', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-02]), '        2.718e-02', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-02]), '            0.027', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-02]), '           0.0272', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e-01]), '        2.718e-01', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e-01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e-01]), '            0.272', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e-01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e-01]), '            0.272', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e-01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+00]), '        2.718e+00', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+00');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+00]), '            2.718', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+00');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+00]), '             2.72', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+00');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+01]), '        2.718e+01', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+01]), '           27.183', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+01]), '             27.2', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+02]), '        2.718e+02', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+02]), '          271.828', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+02]), '              272', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+03]), '        2.718e+03', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+03]), '         2718.282', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+03]), '         2.72e+03', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+04]), '        2.718e+04', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+04]), '        27182.818', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+04]), '         2.72e+04', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+05]), '        2.718e+05', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+05]), '       271828.183', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+05]), '         2.72e+05', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+06]), '        2.718e+06', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+06]), '      2718281.828', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+06]), '         2.72e+06', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+07]), '        2.718e+07', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+07]), '     27182818.285', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+07]), '         2.72e+07', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+08]), '        2.718e+08', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+08]), '    271828182.846', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+08]), '         2.72e+08', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+09]), '        2.718e+09', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+09]), '   2718281828.459', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+09]), '         2.72e+09', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+10]), '        2.718e+10', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+10]), '  27182818284.590', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+10]), '         2.72e+10', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+11]), '        2.718e+11', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+11]), ' 271828182845.900', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+11]), '         2.72e+11', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3e', [2.718281828459e+12]), '        2.718e+12', '%17.3e 2.718281828459e+12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3f', [2.718281828459e+12]), '2718281828459.000', '%17.3f 2.718281828459e+12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [2.718281828459e+12]), '         2.72e+12', '%17.3g 2.718281828459e+12');

is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-12]), '            3e-12', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-12');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-11]), '            3e-11', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-10]), '            3e-10', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-09]), '            3e-09', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-08]), '            3e-08', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-07]), '            3e-07', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-06]), '            3e-06', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-05]), '            3e-05', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-04]), '           0.0003', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-03]), '            0.003', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-02]), '             0.03', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e-01]), '              0.3', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e-01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+00]), '                3', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+00');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+01]), '               30', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+01');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+02]), '              300', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+02');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+03]), '            3e+03', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+03');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+04]), '            3e+04', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+04');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+05]), '            3e+05', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+05');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+06]), '            3e+06', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+06');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+07]), '            3e+07', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+07');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+08]), '            3e+08', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+08');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+09]), '            3e+09', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+09');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+10]), '            3e+10', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+10');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+11]), '            3e+11', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+11');
is(nqp::sprintf('%17.3g', [3.000000000000e+12]), '            3e+12', '%17.3g 3.000000000000e+12');

is(nqp::sprintf('%2$d %1$d',    [12, 34]),  '34 12', 'parameter index');
is(nqp::sprintf('%3$d %d %1$d', [1, 2, 3]), '3 1 1', 'parameter index');

# RT#128821: https://rt.perl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=128821
{ # negative/positive zero differentiation
    is(nqp::sprintf('%f', [-0e0]), '-0.000000',     '%f, -0e0');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%f', [ 0e0]),  '0.000000',     '%f, +0e0');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%e', [-0e0]), '-0.000000e+00', '%e, -0e0');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%e', [ 0e0]),  '0.000000e+00', '%e, +0e0');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%g', [-0e0]), '-0',            '%g, -0e0');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%g', [ 0e0]),  '0',            '%g, +0e0');
}

{ # https://irclog.perlgeek.de/perl6-dev/2017-01-22#i_13966753
    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.3d', [42]),   '042', '%.3d' );
    is(nqp::sprintf('%2.4d', [42]),  '0042', '%2.4d');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%5.3d', [42]), '  042', '%5.3d');
    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.0d', [42]),    '42', '%.0d (non-zero number)');
    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.0d', [ 0]),      '', '%.0d (number is zero)' );

    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.*d', [3, 42]),   '042', '%.*d' );
    is(nqp::sprintf('%2.*d', [4, 42]),  '0042', '%2.*d');
    is(nqp::sprintf('%5.*d', [3, 42]), '  042', '%5.*d');
    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.*d', [0, 42]),    '42', '%.*d (non-zero number)');
    is(nqp::sprintf( '%.*d', [0,  0]),      '', '%.*d (number is zero)' );
}